Hazardous Areas-1

Hazardous Areas, partition of explosive atmospheres to groups and temperature classes 

Group I – metan in underground excavations

Group II – flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids with exception of metan in underground

excavations

Flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids are partitioned into three explosive groups

IIA, IIB and IIC. The frame of partition can be MESG (Maximum Experimental Safe Gap)

and MIC (Minimum Ignition Current) as G/M ratio; M – MIC for methane, G – MIC for examined gas.

Partition of Group II according to MESG value
Explosive group MESG value [mm]
IIA >=0,9
IIB >0,5 but <0,9
IIC <=0,5

 

Partition of Group II according to MESG value
Explosive group MIC ratio
IIA >0,8
IIB >0,45 but <0,8
IIC <=0,45

Additionally for explosive atmospheres, mixtures of flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids with

surrounding air are determined six temperature classes

Temperature classes according to self ignition temperatures
Temperature class Temperature of self ignition [°C ]
T1 above 450
T2 above 300 up to 450
T3 above 200 up to 300
T4 above 135 up to 200
T5 above 100 up to 135
T6 above 85 up to 100

Physic features of selected explosive gases which can create explosive mixtures with air

Physic features of selected explosive gases and liquids
Gas
Temperature of self ignition [°C ]
Max. pressure of explosion [MPa]
Explosive group
Temperature class
Acetone
540
0,893
IIA
T1
Acetylene
305
0,909
IIC
T2
Ethanol
425
0,75
IIA
T2
Methanol
455
0,74
IIA
T1
Ammonia
630
0,484
IIA
T1
Leaded petrol
250
 
IIA
T3
Butane
430
0,742
IIA
T2
Carbon disulfide
102
0,664
IIC
T5
Urban gas
560
0,79
IIB
T1
Xylene
465
0,78
IIA
T1
Methane
650
0,605
IIA
T1
Diesel oil
250
  IIA
T3
Heater oil
250
  IIA
T3
Propane
500
0,742
IIA
T1
Hydrogen sulfide
290
0,389
IIB
T3
Hydrogen
580
0,625
IIC
T1
Hazardous zones Zone 0 – area where explosive atmosphere with mixture of flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids

with surrounding air or explosive vapours occur continously or for long time or often ( e.g. inside pipes,

tanks, containers etc…)

Zone 1 – area where explosive atmosphere with mixture of flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids

with surrounding air or explosive vapours may occur during normal operation ( e.g. surroundings of

zone 0, filling and emptying places, parts sensitive for damages – e.g. made with glass, sealing of

pumps, valves, pipes etc…)

Zone 2 – area where explosive atmosphere with mixture of flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids

with surrounding air or explosive vapours are not present during normal operation and in case of

presence occure shortly. ( e.g. surroundings of zone 0 and zone 1 )

Zone 20 – area where explosive atmosphere as cloud of explosive or flammable dust in air occur continously or for

long time or often ( e.g. inside pipes, tanks, containers, silo, etc…)

Zone 21 – area where explosive atmosphere as cloud of explosive or flammable dust in air may occur

during normal operation ( e.g. during pouring, embarking of dust where can appear layers of dust able

to create dangerous mixtures with air in range of explosive concentration etc…)

Zone 22 – area where explosive atmosphere as cloud of explosive or flammable dust in air is not present

during normal operation and in case of presence occure shortly ( e.g. surrounding of pipes etc…) -Source: shipcenter

Hazardous Areas-3

Hazardous Areas, enclosures

 Safety with using electrical devices in hazardous areas can be handled in three different ways.

1. Covering of electrical live parts to keep complete explosion inside the enclosure.

2. Eliminate source of ignition by use intrinsically safe circuits – IS.

3. Higher reliability of elements within apparatus comparing to normal execution 

Flameproof “d” – zone 1

Type of explosion-proof enclosure where elements which can cause ignition are closed in

shield which can handle pressure created during internal explosion of explosive mixture,

preventing moving out the explosion to surrounding hazardous area.

Picture – Exd Floodlight 250W.

Other device examples: lighting fixtures, connection equipment, control cases, electrical motors, transformers,

IT devices, switchboards, distribution boxes, heating elements. 

Increased safety “e” – zone 1

Type of enclosure where additional preventing medium was used to increase safety against possibility of

creation higher temperature, arcs, sparks on inner and outer parts of electrical devices which during normal

operation are not producing arcs and sparks.

Picture – Ex “ed” socket. 16A, 200-240V

Other device examples: lighting fixtures, connection equipment, control cases, electrical motors, transformers,

IT devices, switchboards, distribution boxes, heating elements. 

Intrinsically safety”i” – zone 0

Electrical device with all intrinsically safe circuits. Divided into three subgroups “ia”, “ib”, “ic”.

“ia” – when Um and Ui are connected, IS circuits of “ia” should not create ignition under below conditions :

– during normal operation and appereance of non-countable damages which are creating the most

unbeneficial conditions

– during normal operation and appereance of one countable damage and those non-countable

damages which are creating the most unbeneficial conditions

– during normal operation and appereance of two countable damages and those non-countable

damages which are creating the most unbeneficial conditions

“ib” – when Um and Ui are connected, IS circuits of “ib” should not create ignition under below conditions :

– during normal operation and appereance of non-countable damages which are creating the most

unbeneficial conditions

– during normal operation and appereance of one countable damage and those non-countable

damages which are creating the most unbeneficial conditions

“ic” – when Um and Ui are connected, IS circuits of “ic” should not create ignition during normal operation.

Um – maximum RMS voltage AC or maximum DC voltage which can be connected to non IS terminals of

companion device without loosing IS.

Ui – maximum peak voltage AC or maximum DC voltage which can be connected to IS terminals

without loosing IS.

Device examples: IT devices, sensors, transducers, control and measuring apparatus, electronic indicators.

Picture – IS circuits (blue) separated from others in Main Switchboard

Encapsulated “m” – zone 0

Type of enclosure where parts which can create ignition or with exceeding heating are filled in compound

in way that hazardous atmosphere can not be ignited during operation or installation.

Filling compounds – thermoplastics, epoxide resin, elastomer.

Security levels divided into two subgroups – “ma” and “mb”

“ma” – device should not create ignition under below conditions :

– during normal operation and installation

– during specified abnormal conditions

– during specified damages

Voltage should not exceed 1kV and parts without additional protection should be used only if during failure

will not create mechanical or thermical damage of encapsulation.

“mb” – device should not create ignition under below conditions :

– during normal operation and installation

– during specified damages

Device examples: IT devices, sensors, transducers, electronic indicators, stabilisers of lighting fixtures. 

Non Incendive “n” – zone 2

Type of explosion-proof enclosure where during normal operation and described abnormal

conditions device is not able to ignite surrounding explosion atmosphere.

Divided into following subgroups :

– non-sparking device “nA” – designed to minimize risk of occuring arcs and sparks

which can start ignition

– hermetic device “nC”

– preventive breathing “nR” – limited penetration of surrounding atmosphere

– limited energy “nL”

Device examples: electrical motors, lighting fixtures, 

Oil Filled “o” – zone 0

Electrical device submerged in protective liquid in way that hazardous atmosphere cannot be ignited.

Device examples: transformers, starting resistors, current transformers, fuses. Not used in portable devices. 

Pressurized “p” – zone 1

Type of enclosure with positive pressure inside, to prevent penetration of hazardous atmosphere.

Protective gas – air or inert gas

Enclosures divided into three subcategories :

– px – reduction from zone 1 to safe zone ( minimum 50 Pa )

– py – reduction from zone 1 to zone 2 ( minimum 50 Pa )

– pz – reduction from zone 2 to safe zone ( minimum 25 Pa )

Device examples: switchboards, distribution boards, high power electrical motors 

Sand​/ Powder “q” – ​zone 2

Type of enclosure where parts which can create ignition or with exceeding heating are filled in sand or powder

to protect external atmosphere against ignition. 

Professional literature:

Alan McMillan, Electrical Installations in Hazardous Areas, Butterworth-Heineman 1998

Peter Schram Electrical Installations in Hazardous Locations, Jones and Bartlett, 1997

Hazardous Areas-2

Hazardous Areas, partition of devices into groups and temperature classes

Electrical devices which are to be used in hazardous areas are divided into two groups :

Group I – electrical devices which are to be used in mines where is risk of methane appearance

Group II – electrical devices which are to be used in hazardous areas other than mentioned in group I

Devices within group I in mines with risk of appearance of other hazardous atmospheres than methane

should be also examined, certified and marked according to standards for group II.

Devices within group II are divided into subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC. Devices within IIB meet the requirements

of subgroup IIA. Devices within IIC meet the requirements of subgroups IIA and IIB. 

Maximum temperature of electrical devices within group I should not reach :

– 150°C for surface where can occur a layer of coal dust

– 450°C where appearance of coal dust is eliminated

Electrical devices within group II are divided into six temperature classes : 

Classification of maximum surface temperature of electrical devices
Temperature class Maximum temperature of surface [°C ]
T1 450
T2 300
T3 200
T4 135
T5 100
T6 85

 There are other ways to mark electrical devicesto concern surface temperature :

– real maximum temperature of surface can be marked

– destination of device to single gas can be marked

For other temperature ranges than all mentioned above device is concerned as special and additional

information about temperature shall be marked. Example of nominal plate of Ex gas sensor on picture below :

Concerning dangerous zones mentioned in B, electrical apparatus of group II can be divided into categories :

Category 1 – devices which can work according to designed by manufacturer operation parameters

with very high level of security. Dedicated to places where explosive atmosphere with mixture of

flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids with surrounding air or explosive

vapours or mists occur continously or for long time or often ( zone 0 ).

Secure even in case of very rare damage, and :

– in case of damage on one preventive medium, second independent will secure required

level of safety

– required level of safety will be maintained in case of appearance of two independent damages

Category 2 – devices which can work according to designed by manufacturer operation parameters

with high level of security. Dedicated to places where explosive atmosphere with mixture of

flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids with surrounding air or explosive

vapours or mists may occur during normal operation ( zone 1 ). Secure in case of normal

damage.

Category 3 – devices which can work according to designed by manufacturer operation parameters

with normal level of security. Dedicated to places where explosive atmosphere with mixture of

flammable gases and vapours of flammable liquids with surrounding air or explosive

vapours or mists are not present during normal operation and in case of presence occure shortly.

Secure during normal operation.

Electrical at ship-Power Distribution

2. Power distribution, electrical protections

Main Generator protection

  • short circuit protection – lower set of the breaker trip function than steady state short circuit current, possibly without delay, breaker trip within 1s.
  • overcurrent protection – trip at 110% – 125% of nominal current with delay 20s – 120s
  • differential current protection – for generators above 1500 kVA, generator side and MSB side
  • reverse power protection – for generators with possibility of parallel operation with other generator.
    Time delay between 3s and 10s, tripping breaker at 6% rated power ( generators driven by turbines ) and 15% generator driven by piston engine
  • undervoltage release – release when voltage 35%-70% of the rated voltage. 85%-110% rated voltage is allowedPrime mover protection / shutdown – lubricating oil pressure, cyllinder cooling, overspeed,
    oil mist detection

Emergency Generator protection

Just that protections which can cause immediate machine breakdown.

  • short circuit protection

Prime mover – shutdown only from overspeed protection device

Electrical at ship-Power Generation

1. Power Generation

>Power generation, main sources of electrical power

The main power supply system shall have the capacity to supply power to all services necessary for
maintaining the ship in normal operation without recourse to the emergency source of power.

(Interpretation of SOLAS Ch. II-1/40.1.1)

The main power supply, with any system configuration shall be capable to supply power to following
services:

  • propulsion and safety
  • starting major heavy consumers excluding e.g.auxiliary thrusters
  • keep minimum conditions for living onboard ( heating, cooking, operation of sanitary units )
  • for safety reasons shall be capable to restore propulsion from dead ship, can be in combination with emergency source of power

Consumers which are not considered as necessary for normal or minimum for safety reasons are :

  • thrusters
  • cargo handling
  • food storage equipment and air conditioning
  • mooring equipment

…but additional class notations may chnge them as considered as necessary.

(Interpretation of SOLAS Ch. II-1/41.1)

Any of circuits onboard is not allowed to cause lost of propulsion system and manoeuvrability, also any of major consumers shall not be out of working conditions for long period because of failure of any single circuit.

Those requirements means that on the ship shall be foreseen at least two generators with independent drives ( diesel / gas engines in most of the cases ) capable to work in all operating conditions.

Interpretation of SOLAS regulations due to main source of electrical power for diesel electric propulsion systems can be described in two major issues which must be fulfilled to keep safety:

  1. Connection of the stand by source of power to restore operation of main equipment shall be completed within 45s from blackout
  2. Tripping of the none essential consumers and / or load reduction to ensure safe operation for propulsion system and manoeuvrability of the ship.

During normal working conditions generators are automatically connected to the bus-bars according to the needs or power demand from the consumers. Automation system is build with modes of operation which are selected due to type of the operation served by ship.
It may be for instance : cruising mode, manauvering mode, cargo mode, DP mode and others as required. Exact mode will set stand-by functions for generators and operation of bus tie breakers, start sequences. System should inform superior control and monitoring system about abnormal situations like :

  • prime mover starting failure
  • power failure
  • frequency and voltage too low and too high state

    Other functions of the system shall be incorporated like : automatic charging of the spring in the generator breaker, prevention against switching on two generator breakers simultaneously also from blackout.

Main source of electrical power is installed to provide electricity to the Main Switchboard (MSB).
Next power is distributed to electrical consumers installed on the lower level of ship’s power network.

Picture. Front – Diesel Generator Scania DI12 45M, 6-cylinder, 4-stroke. Generator Stamford 250kVA.

Prime Movers

Generating set is typically built as coupled on the same baseframe – prime mover and alternaltor.
A prime mover for the alternator is machine which will supply it with mechanical power which next will be transformed into electrical energy. Typical prime movers fixed on the same baseframe are diesel and gas engines. When ship is using mechanical propulsion, prime mover for the alternator can be main engine’s shaft ( shaft generator ), but in this case at least one more generator shall be provided which is driven by separate prime mover. Obviously shaft generator can be used as additional source of power, but general rule should be considered that failure of one generator shall not cause lost of propulsion system and manoeuvrability.

In general two types of engins are used depending on required power :

  • In-line cyllinder’s engines
  • V engines

A V engine is configuration for an internal combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes, so that they appear to be in a “V” when seen through the axis of the crankshaft. In L engines they are alligned in one line. The V configuration generally reduces the overall engine length, height and weight compared to an equivalent inline configuration. V engines are used when higher output power is required. Power boundaries for L and V engines are varying from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Diesel engines are built as :

  • low speed, 150-450 rpm, large size of machines
  • medium speed, 500-1200 rpm, medium size machines
  • high speed, 1500-1800 rpm, medium and small size machines

Prime movers for generator sets are typically built with medium or high speed.

Engine needs additional media for operation. Energy is taken from the fuel, fresh water ensure cooling, air is to be mixed with fuel mist, lubrication oil to lubricate main mechanisms. All of those media needs to have internal and external installations to prepare them for proper use by the engine. For external systems please refer
to chapter 2.3. Internal systems of dirsel genetaror are :

Fuel oil

The standard system comprises the following built-on equipment:

• fuel injection pumps
• injection valves
• reducing valve in the outlet pipe

Controlled leak fuel from the injection valves and the injection pumps is drained to atmospheric pressure
(Clean leak fuel system). The clean leak fuel can be reconducted to the system without treatment.
Possible uncontrolled leak fuel and spilled water and oil is separately drained from the hot-box
and shall be led to a sludge tank (“Dirty” leak fuel system).

Lubricating oil

The following equipment is built on the engine:

• engine driven lubricating oil pump
• electric motor driven prelubricating pump
• lubricating oil cooler
• thermostat valve
• automatic filter
• centrifugal filter
• pressure control valve
• wet sump

The prelubricating oil pump is used for:

• filling of the lubricating oil system before starting
• continuous prelubrication of a stopped engine in a multi-engine installation always when one of the
engines is running

Example of recommendations for lubricating oil :

The system oil should be of viscosity class SAE 40 (ISO VG 150).
The alkalinity, BN, of the system oil should be 12…20 mg/KOH/g in MDF use.
Modern trunk piston diesel engines are stressing the lubricating oils due to low specific lubricating oil
consumption. Also the ingress of residual fuel combustion products into the lubricating oil can cause deposit
formation on the surface of certain engine components. Due to this many lubricating oil suppliers
have developed new lubricating oil formulations with better fuel and lubricating oil compatibility.

Cooling water

The cooling water system consists of a high temperature (HT) and a low temperature (LT) circuit, both cooled by treated fresh water.

The HT-circuit for cooling of jackets and cylinder heads includes the following equipment:

  • engine driven or electric driven circulating pump
  • thermostatic valve of direct acting type for controlling the outlet temperature from the engine

The LT-circuit for cooling of charge air and lubricating oil includes the following equipment:

  • engine driven or electric driven circulating pump
  • thermostatic valve of direct acting type for controlling the water outlet temperature from the lube oil cooler 

Compressed Air

Compressed air is used to start engines and to provide actuating energy for safety and control devices.
Compressed air is used onboard also for other purposes with different pressures. The use of starting air
supply for these other purposes is limited in the classification regulations.
The design of the starting air system is partly determined by the rules of the classification societies.

Most classification societies require the total capacity to be divided over two roughly equally sized starting air
receivers and starting air compressors.

To ensure the functionality of the components in the compressed air system, the compressed air has to
be dry and clean from solid particles and oil.

Combustion Air

The engine draws the combustion air from the engine room through the inlet filter fitted on the turbocharger.
The combustion air should be delivered through a dedicated duct close to the turbocharger(s), directed
towards the air intake(s).

During normal operating conditions the air temperature at the turbocharger inlet should be kept between
15ºC and 35ºC.

Exhaust Gas System

Each engine should have its own exhaust pipe into open air. If both an exhaust gas boiler and an SCR
(Selective Catalytic Reduction) unit are specified, then the boiler should be installed after the SCR.

Generators

Magnetic field which is rotating in stator 3-phase winding will induct 3-phase voltage
(see 1.7.1 Electrical Machines – Synchronous Generator)

Output frequency of the voltage depends both on rotation of the shaft and number of poles of the generator. During paralel operation of the gensets to change the active load of the generator, torque from diesel engine have to be changed. To change the torque, fuel supply to cylinders have to be changed.

> Power generation, emergency sources of electrical power

The emergency source of power can be considered as emergency generator or accumulator batteries. During normal operation of the vessel, emergency source of power shall not be used, except of periodical checkings, maintanance testing, periodic transient operations with main sources of power.

The emergency power supply system shall have the capacity to supply power to all services necessary for emergency operation of the ship. It should be taken into account that simoultaneous factor for calculating load will be 1 or very close to one. Capacity must be also sufficient to handle starting current of the loads.

According to the classification societies rules following services shall be feed from emergency source of power :

  • emergency and escape lighting
  • fire pumps
  • steering gear
  • ballast control systems and one ballast pump
  • watertight doors hatches
  • communication
  • fire and gas detection
  • general alarm
  • alarm system
  • navigation lights
  • offshore constructions – signalisation of construction
  • special services like installations for divers etc..

Other may be required by additional notations, functionalities or services to increase safety, protect life and make possible escape from the ship in critical situation.

Emergency source of power shall be located above uppermost continuous deck and shall have clear access from weather deck.

Emergency switchgear shall be located in the same place as emergency generator. Cables which are laid between equipment installed in emergency generator room shall not be running out of the compartment, if so fire resistant cables shall be used. Only accumulator batteries which are ment for starting emergency generator prime mover may be installed in the emergency generator compartment.(source:ship center)

Apakah Menggaruk 3 kali Dalam Sholat Membatalkan Sholat?

Syaikh Al-‘Utsaimin berkata :

“Gerakan(tambahan) dalam sholat yang bukan termasuk dari jenis gerakan sholat terbagi menjadi lima macam :

1. Gerakan yang wajib

2. Gerakan yang mustahab

3. Gerakan yang haram

4. Gerakan yang makruh

5. Gerakan yang boleh

1. Gerakan menjadi wajib jika perbuatan wajib (dalam sholat) atau menjauhi perbuatan haram (dalam sholat) bergantung pada gerakan tersebut.

Contohnya permasalahan yang sedang kita hadapi ini, yaitu misalnya jika seseorang tidak tahu arah kiblat kemudian diapun berijtihad untuk menentukan arah kiblat, setelah itupun dia melaksanakan sholat tidak menghadap arah kiblat. Lalu dikabarkan kepadanya bahwa posisi kiblat berada disebelah kanannya, maka saat itu wajib baginya untuk bergerak (mengahadap kearah kanan) agar menghadap kiblat. Oleh karenanya tatkala ada seseorang yang datang ke penduduk Quba dan mereka sedang sholat menghadap Baitul Maqdis lalu iapun mengabarkan kepada mereka bahwa kiblat telah berpindah ke ka’bah, maka merekapun saat itu juga berubah posisi (bergerak berputar 180 derajat-pent) dan mereka meneruskan sholat mereka.

Misalnya juga jika seseorang sendirian di belakang shaf, lantas ia melihat ada sela kosong di shaf dihadapannya, maka di sini wajib baginya untuk bergerak (maju) agar masuk dalam saf.

Demikian juga jika tidak bisa menghindari perbuatan yang haram kecuali dengan gerakan tersebut maka gerakan tersebut menjadi wajib.

Misalnya seseorang sedang sholat lantas ia mendapati ada najis di gutrohnya (penutup kepalanya), maka ketika itu wajib baginya bergerak untuk melepaskan gutrohnya yang ada najisnya. Termasuk contoh tentang ini adalah hadits dari Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bahwasanya Jibril mendatangi Nabi tatakala Nabi sedang mengimami para sahabat lalu mengabarkan kepada Nabi bahwasanya di kedua sendalnya ada kotoran (najis), maka Nabipun melepas kedua sendalnya. Gerakan melepas sandal ini hukumnya wajib.

2. Gerakan menjadi mustahab jika perbuatan mustahab (dalam sholat) bergantung pada gerakan tersebut.

 Contohnya ada tiga orang sholat berjam’ah, dua orang menjadi makmum, salah satunya berdiri di sebelah kanan imam (sejajar) dan yang satunya lagi berdiri di sebelah kiri imam. Maka dalam kondisi seperti ini sang imam mendorong kedua makmum tersebut agar berdiri di belakang imam, maka gerakan mendorong ini hukumnya sunnah, karena posisi imam berada di depan dua orang makmum atau lebih hukumnya sunnah dan tidak wajib.

Atau tidak bisa menjauhi suatu perkara yang makruh kecuali dengan gerakan, maka gerakan tersebut juga mustahab.

Misalnya seseorang sedang sholat dan dihadapannya ada sesuatu benda yang mengganggu konsentrasinya seperti ukiran misalnya, maka dalam kondisi seperti ini kita katakan disunnahkan bagi engkau untuk menyingkirkan benda yang mengganggumu itu, karena dengan menyingkirkan benda tersebut maka engkau akan bebas dari perkara yang makruh. Dan contoh yang lain juga, jika seseorang merasa sangat gatal dan hal ini sangat mengganggunya maka disunnahkan baginya untuk menggaruk agar meredam rasa gatal tersebut, dan hal ini sering terjadi.

3. Gerakan menjadi haram jika banyak dan berturut-turut tanpa ada kondisi mendesak.

Maka ada tiga persyaratan, banyak, berturut-turut, dan tidak dalam kondisi mendesak (untuk bergerak).

Banyak : Sebagian ulama berpendapat bahwa gerakan dianggap banyak jika tiga gerakan secara berturut-turut. Maka seseorang sedang sholat lantas bergerak tiga kali berturut-turut tanpa ada kebutuhan mendesak maka ini dianggap gerakan yang banyak dan membatalkan sholat.

Sebagian ulama yang lain berkata, “Tidak boleh kita menentukan jumlah bilangan tertentu, karena penentuan adalah perkara tauqifi yang butuh dalil. Akan tetapi yang dimaksud dengan gerakan banyak adalah gerakan yang dianggap oleh orang-orang sebagai gerakan yang banyak, dimana jika orang yang sedang sholat dan banyak bergerak tersebut kalau dilihat maka sepertinya dia tidak sedang sholat karena banyaknya gerakannya”

Berturut-turut : yaitu yang satu mengikuti yang lain. Artinya jika gerakan yang banyak tersebut dilakukan secara terpisah-pisah maka tidak membatalkan sholat. Jika ia bergerak tiga kali pada raka’at yang pertama, kemudian bergerak lagi tiga kali di rakaat kedua, kemudian bergerak tiga kali juga di rakaat ketiga, dan bergerak juga tiga kali di rakaat keempat, maka jika seandainya gerakan-gerakan ini digabung tentunya banyak gerakannya, akan tetapi tatkala gerakan-gerakan tersebut terpisah-pisah maka jadi sedikit jika ditinjau pada setiap rakaat masing-masing, dan hal ini tidak membatalkan sholat.

Bukan karena kondisi yang mendesak (darurat) : Berbeda dengan orang yang banyak bergerak karena kondisi darurat. Contohnya ada seseorang yang kita lihat banyak bergerak dalam sholat. Sesekali memperbaiki bajunya, sesekali membenarkan songkoknya, terkadang mengeluarkan penanya dan menulis apa yang dia pikirkan, padahal dalam sholat. Ini merupakan gerakan yang banyak dalam sholat tanpa ada kondisi yang mendesak (untuk bergerak). Berebeda jika seseorang sedang sholat lantas ia mendengar suara keributan di belakangnya, tiba-tiba ternyata ada binatang buas ingin menerkamnya lantas iapun lari padahal ia dalam keadaan sedang sholat, maka ini merupakan gerakan yang banyak, akan tetapi karena kondisi yang mendesak (darurat). Oleh karenanya sholatnya tidak batal.

4. Gerakan yang makruh

Yaitu gerakan yang sedikit yang dilakukan tanpa adanya keperluan dan juga bukan karena kondisi mendesak. Sungguh terlalu banyak dilakukan oleh orang-orang sekarang, sampai-sampai aku pernah melihat ada orang yang sedang sholat lantas melihat jam tangannya, karena dia semangat untuk disiplin waktunya, ia kawatir kalau waktu pelaksanaan sholatnya berlebihan satu menit. Atau karena ia hanya melakukan gerakan sia-sia, dan sepertinya inilah yang lebih Nampak, yaitu ia melihat jam tangannya hanya karena melakukan gerakan sia-sia, karena engkau akan mendapati orang ini membuang-buang waktunya tanpa ada ujung pangkalnya. Akan tetapi syaitan memerintah manusia untuk bergerak tatkala sedang sholat.

5. Gerakan yang boleh, yaitu gerakan sedikit yang dilakukan karena ada kebutuhan atau gerakan yang banyak akan tetapi dilakukan karena kondisi mendesak (darurat).

Ini semua (yaitu bentuk gerakan-gerakan di atas) adalah gerakan badan.

Tinggal kita membahas bentuk gerakan yang lain –yang mana hal tersebut merupakan intisari sholat-, yaitu gerakan hati.

Jika hati mengarah menuju Allah, dan orang yang sholat merasa bahwa ia sedang berada di hadapan Allah, merasa bahwa ia sedang berada di hadapan Dzat yang mengetahui apa yang dibisikan oleh jiwanya, dan ia memiliki keinginan yang kuat untuk bertaqorrub kepada Allah, dan ia juga memiliki rasa khouf (takut) kepada Allah, maka hatinya akan konsentrasi dan khusyu’ kepada Allah, dan ini merupakan kondisi yang paling sempurna. Akan tetapi jika kondisinya tidak seperti ini maka hatinya akan terbang ke mana-mana, hati agan berjalan dengan gerakan yang merusak sholat.

Dalam sebuah hadits sabda Nabi

 إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ يَنْصَرِفُ مِنْ صَلاَتِهِ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُ إِلاَّ نِصْفُهَا أَوْ رُبُعُهَا أَوْ عُشُرُهَا أَوْ أَقَلُّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ

“Sesungguhnya seseorang selesai melaksanakan sholatnya dan tidaklah dicatat (pahala) baginya kecuali hanya setengah (pahalanya) atau seper empatnya atau seper sepuluhnya atau lebih sedikit daripada itu”

 Oleh karenanya gerakan hati itu merusak sholat. Akan tetapi apakah merusak keabsahan (sahnya) sholat?, artinya jika seseorang terlalu banyak was-was pikirannya dalam sholat apakah sholatnya batal? Jawabannya adalah tidak batal. Karena merupakan kenikmatan yang Allah anugrahkan kepada kita adalah –alhamdulillah- bahwasanya apa yang dibisikan oleh jiwa kita tidak akan dihukum oleh Allah.

Nabi shallallahu ‘alihi wa sallam bersabda,

 إِنَّ اللهَ تَجَاوَزَ عَنْ أُمَّتِي مَا حَدَّثَتْ بِهِ أَنْفُسُهَا مَا لَمْ تَتَكَلَّمْ أَوْ تَعْمَلْ

“Sesungguhnya Allah memaafkan umatku apa yang dibisiki oleh hati-hati mereka selama belum diucapkan atau diamalkan”

Maka bisikan-bisikan hati tidaklah membatalkan sholat, akan tetapi mengurangi pahala sholat dan merusak kesempurnaan sholat” (Lihat Majmuu’ fataawaa wa rosaail Muhammad bin Sholeh Al-‘Utsaimiin 12/427-429 dan As-Syarhul Mumti’ 3/256-260)

Para ulama telah bersepakat bahwasanya gerakan yang banyak dalam sholat itu membatalkan sholat, hanya saja mereka berselisih pendapat tentang batasan kapan suatu gerakan dikatakan banyak?, sebagaimana telah diisyaratkan oleh Syaikh Al-‘Utsaimiin dalam penjelasan di atas. Dan yang dikuatkan oleh beliau –rahimahullah- adalah bahwasanya penentuan batasan banyak tidaknya suatu gerakan itu kembali kepada adat. Beliau berkata : “Jika ada seseorang yang berkata, “Kenapa kita kembali kepada adat dalam perkara ibadah?”, Maka jawabannya adalah, “Iya, kita kembali kepada adat”, karena syari’at tidak menentukan batasan tersebut. Syari’at tidak pernah berkata –misalnya-, “Barangsiapa yang bergerak tiga kali dalam sholat maka sholatnya batal”, syari’at juga tidak pernah berkata, “Barangsiapa yang bergerak empat kali dalam sholat maka sholatnya batal”. Jika demikian perkaranya maka kita kembali kepada ‘urf. Jika orang-orang berkata, “Ini merupakan gerakan yang meniadakan sholat –yaitu jika ada seseorang melihat orang yang banyak bergerak dalam sholatnya ini maka akan berkata “orang ini tidak sholat’- maka tatkala itu gerakan tersebut dinilai banyak. Adapun jika orang-orang berkata, “Ini gerakan sedikit” maka gerakan tersebut tidak membatalkan sholat.

Kita ambil beberapa contoh permisalan : Jika seseorang sholat sambil membawa anak kecil dengan memegang anak kecil tersebut (menggendong misalnya-pent) agar tidak berteriak menangis sehingga tidak mengganggu (orang-orang yang sedang sholat). Orang inipun sholat dan menggendong anak kecil tersebut, dan jika ia ruku’ maka ia meletakkan anak kecil tersebut, dan jika sujud ia meletakkannya, dan jika ia berdiri maka ia menggendongnya. Maka ada beberapa gerakan yang dilakukan oleh orang ini, gerakan menggendong, mengangkatnya (untuk digendong), dan gerakan menurunkannya. Bisa jadi kita katakan ; ia telah bersusah payah mengangkat anak tersebut, karena jika sang anak bertubuh besar maka akan memberatkanya. Semua gerakan ini kita anggap gerakan yang sedikit karena gerakan yang seperti ini pernah dilakukan oleh Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam. (yaitu Nabi pernah menggendong Umaamah binti Zainab lihat HR Muslim no 543 )

Contoh yang lain : Seseorang sedang sholat lantas ada orang yang mengetuk pintu, dan pintu jaraknya dekat, lalu iapun bergerak maju (untuk membukakan pintu) sambil tetap menghadap kiblat, atau ia mundur ke belakang (untuk membuka pintu) namun ia masih tetap menghadap kiblat, atau ia bergerak (bergeser) ke kanan dengan tetap menghadap kiblat, atau bergeser ke kiri dengan tetap menghadap kiblat kemudian membuka pintu. Jika jarak pintu dekat maka semua gearkan ini adalah dianggap sedikit, karena Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam pernah membukakan pintu untuk Aisyah radhiallahu ‘anhaa. (HR Ahmad dalam musnadnya 6/234, Abu Dawud dalam sunannya no 922, An-Nasaai 3/11, dan At-Thirmidzi di sunannya no 601. Nabi –shallallau ‘alaihi wa sallam- juga pernah maju dan mundur tatkala sholat gerhana, beliau maju karena dinampakkan surga kepadanya dan beliau mundur tatkala dinampakkan neraka kepadanya (HR Al-Bukhari no 690 dan Muslim no 474).

Demikian juga tatkala Nabi dibuatkan mimbar maka Nabipun sholat di atas mimbar, beliau naik ke atas mimbar tatkala berdiri dan ruku’ dan beliau turun ke tanah tatkala sujud, hal itu beliau lakukan agar para sahabat bisa mencontohi sholat beliau (HR Al-Bukhari no 917 dan Muslim no 544))

Contoh lain : Seseorang sedang naik hewan tunggangannya (onta misalnya –pent) dan ia dalam keadaan sholat sambil memegang tali kekang hewan tunggangannya dengan tangannya. Ternyata hewan tunggangannya bergerak-gerak melawan (tidak mau ditarik tali kekangnya-pent). Jika hewan tunggangannya demikian maka ia harus bergerak, kalau tidak menarik tali kekangnya atau ia biarkan dirinya mengikuti hewan tunggangannya. Garakan seperti ini dianggap sedikit karena para sahabat –radhiallahu ‘anhum- melakukan hal ini, sebagaimana dalam hadits Abu Barzah Al-Aslami radhiallahu ‘anhu, bahwasanya beliau sholat di atas hewan tunggangannya sambil memegang tali kekangnya. Hewan tunggangannyapun agak meronta-ronta dan Abu Barzahpun mengikuti arah hewan tunggangannya. Ternyata ada seseorang dari Khowaarij berkata, “Yaa Allah berikanlah keburukan terhadap syaikh ini (yaitu Abu barzah)”. Tatkala Abu Barzah selesai sholat maka iapun berkata, “Aku mendengar perkataan (doa) kalian, dan sesungguhnya aku telah ikut perang bersama Rasulullah –shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam- sebanyak enam atau tujuh kali atau delapan kali. Aku juga melihat keringanan dan kemudahan dari beliau. Sesungguhnya aku pulang bersama hewan tungganganku lebih aku sukai daripada aku meninggalkannya kembali ke tempat istirahatnya sehingga akan memberatkan aku”. (HR Al-Bukhari no 1211) Yaitu Abu Barzah merasa berat jika pulang ke keluarganya dengan tidak naik hewan tunggangannya karena jarak yang jauh. Contoh lain : Seseorang sedang sholat lantas timbul rasa gatal yang mengganggunya. Jika ia membiarkan gatal tersebut maka ia akan diam (tidak bergerak) akan tetapi hatinya sibuk terganggu dengan ras gatal tersebut. Jika ia bergerak dan menggaruk di tempat rasa gatal tersebut maka akan meredam rasa gatalnya dan dia akan lebih konsentrasi dalam sholatnya. Maka yang lebih utama adalah ia menggaruk dan konsentrasi dalam sholatnya, karena ini adalah gerakan yang sedikit, dan ada kemaslahatannya untuk sholat.

Contoh lain : Seseorang sholat sambil membawa pena, dan sebelum sholat ada hapalannya yang ia lupa. Tatkala sholat ia ingat kembali hapalannya yang lupa tadi padahal ujian sebentar lagi, dan hapalan yang ia lupakan tadi ada sekita 5 baris. Maka iapun mengeluarkan secarik kertas lantas menulis hapalannya tadi di kertas tersebut padahal ia sedang sholat, karena ia kawatir jika ia tidak segera menulisnya maka setelah sholat ia akan lupa kembali hapalannya tersebut. Gerakan seperti ini dianggap banyak dan membatalkan sholat. Namun jika seandainya yang akan ditulisnya hanyalah satu atau dua kata saja maka merupakan gerakan yang sedikit. Jika ia membutuhkannya maka tidak mengapa, karena terkadang seseorang mengalami kondisi yang darurat (mendesak) yang harus baginya untuk mengingatnya. Dan jika seseorang memulai sholatnya maka syaitan menggodanya dan berkata, “Ingatlah ini, ingatlah itu…” yaitu perkara-perkara yang dilupakan oleh orang yang sholat diingatkan oleh syaitan sehingga diingat kembali oleh orang yang sholat. Syaitan mengingatkannya bukan karena sayang kepadanya akan tetapi untuk merusak ibadahnya sehingga sholatnya hanyalah tinggal bentuk saja tanpa ada ruhnya” (As-Syarhul Mumti’ 3/351-353)

Kota Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, 27 Syawal 1431 H / 06 Oktober 2010 M Disusun oleh Abu Abdil Muhsin Firanda Andirja (diambil dari firanda.com dan dipublikasian lagi oleh www.aguspurwanto123.wordpress.com)